Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul Beykent University, Istanbul, Turkey
Abstract
Probabilistic evolution theory (PREVTH) solves a system of ODEs with purely second degree polynomial right-hand sides (each additive term of each of the right-hand sides is exactly second degree). Quadratization takes a system of ODEs with polynomial right-hand sides and makes it into an equivalent system of ODEs with more equations and unknowns such that the new system has right-hand sides which are at most second degree polynomials. Quadratization may also be used as polynomialization + quadratization so that the method is applicable to more problems. Polynomialization can get rid of negative integer powers, and in many cases, other function families such as trigonometric and exponential. Going from at most second degree terms on the right-hand sides to exactly (purely) second degree terms on the right-hand sides is always possible by constancy adding space extension (CASE). Therefore polynomialization + quadratization + CASE + PREVTH is a highly efficient sequence of steps to provide a solution for many ODE systems. Since PREVTH sums the Taylor terms of the solution, polynomialization + quadratization + CASE + PREVTH is especially effective for solutions in small $t$ intervals. Up to now, the quadratization within the framework of PREVTH was either done manually or by a naive algorithm that does not provide optimal quadratization. Optimal quadratization (smallest number of equations and unknowns) is important since having redundancy in the equations greatly increases the necessary computational effort. In this work, an ODE solver is implemented that successfully combines optimal quadratization and PREVTH. Also, it is important to note that the Taylor series representation of the solution by PREVTH is exact. The convergence of the Taylor series depends on the system. The paper also focuses on different system of ODEs to show how the ODE solver can provide a Taylor series solution in powers of $t$, from which a numerical result can be obtained by substituting $t$ with the desired value.
Gozukirmizi, C. (2026). Implementation of an ODE Solver by Optimal Quadratization and Probabilistic Evolution Theory. Computational Mathematics and Computer Modeling with Applications (CMCMA), 5(1), 26–39. https://doi.org/10.48308/CMCMA.5.1.26
MLA
Gozukirmizi, C. "Implementation of an ODE Solver by Optimal Quadratization and Probabilistic Evolution Theory", Computational Mathematics and Computer Modeling with Applications (CMCMA), 5, 1, 2026, 26–39. doi: 10.48308/CMCMA.5.1.26
HARVARD
Gozukirmizi, C. (2026). 'Implementation of an ODE Solver by Optimal Quadratization and Probabilistic Evolution Theory', Computational Mathematics and Computer Modeling with Applications (CMCMA), 5(1), pp. 26–39. doi: 10.48308/CMCMA.5.1.26
CHICAGO
Gozukirmizi, C., "Implementation of an ODE Solver by Optimal Quadratization and Probabilistic Evolution Theory." Computational Mathematics and Computer Modeling with Applications (CMCMA), 5 1 (2026): 26–39, doi: 10.48308/CMCMA.5.1.26
VANCOUVER
Gozukirmizi C. Implementation of an ODE Solver by Optimal Quadratization and Probabilistic Evolution Theory. Computational Mathematics and Computer Modeling with Applications (CMCMA). 2026;5(1):26–39. doi: 10.48308/CMCMA.5.1.26